Histograms

Jay Arthur
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KnowWare International, Inc.
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Histograms are simply bar charts that show the distribution of your data using the number of times your data points fall into each of the bars on the histogram. When you add the upper and lower specification limits, it’s easy to see how your data fits your customer's requirements and what improvements might be necessary.

The QI Macros histograms calculate key indicators of process capability including Cp, Cpk, Pp and Ppk. See our formulas page for more information about these indicies.

Running a Histogram in the QI Macros SPC Software

If you have the QI Macros, you can access the test data used in this example on your
computer at c:/qimacros/testdata/histogram.xls.

If you don't have the QI Macros software you can download a free 30 day trial copy at http://www.qimacros.com/freestuff.html.

To create a histogram in the QI Macros follow these steps:

1. The number of decimals in your raw data will drive the number of decimals shown in the results. Make sure your data is formatted to the precision you want. From Format- Cells, select Number and specify the number of decimal places you want.



2. Highlight the data to be graphed (minimum of 20 data points recommended). Click on the top data cell and drag the mouse down to include just the data cells. Then, click on the QI Macros Menu bar and select either the histogram or frequency histogram macro. Tip: Do NOT sort your data before running a histogram or the calculations will be incorrect.



3. The histogram macro will prompt you for upper and lower spec limits. Use the
   default or input your spec limits. For one-sided histograms, select Cancel if there is no USL or LSL. In this example, we input 346 for the USL and 200 for the LSL.



4. Next the macro will ask you for the approximate number of bars you would like to see on the histogram. Click OK to use the default or input a number. Note: this is only an approximation, the actual number of bars may be different.



5. Then, the macro will draw the graph for you.



6. To move the USL or LSL arrows or text boxes:
   • Arrows: Click on each arrow and drag it to the appropriate position. To extend an arrow, click on it, then click on the handle at either end and extend the arrow.
   • Text: Click on each text box and drag it to sit on top or beside its corresponding arrow.


7. From the File Menu, select Save to save the graph.
8. To revise the process capability calculations, switch to the Histdata datasheet. You can change the USL and/or LSL by typing over the current values in the cells provided. Excel will recalculate Cp, Cpk and Pp, Ppk and update the contents of the text boxes on the chart.



9. You can also change the number of bars used on the chart by updating the # of bars field in the Histdata sheet. Then go to the Histogram chart and see if it is still centered on the page. In this example, we changed the number of bars from 10 to 20. After the change the chart looks like this.



10. Next, we need to update the Source Data the chart is graphing. Click on Chart, Source Data.
    



11. Excel will open a window with the source data definitions in the Histdata sheet. To update the source data, find the data currently graphed (outlined with dashed lines) and change it to the new cells. Extend it to those cells that have data in them versus just zeros.



12. The updated chart should look like this:



13. To add data, switch to the histdata sheet and add the new data.

QI Macros Calculations

To view formulas used in the QI Macros see our formulas page at http://www.qimacros.com/formulas.html

To view the calculations made to create the histogram, take a look at the Histdata sheet created when a macro is run.

As previously mentioned, you can add new data, change spec limits and change the number of bars in this sheet.

If you would like more information about histograms or how to manually calculate the capability indicies consider our new histogram whitepaper. You can order and download it at https://www.qimacros.com/orderebook.html

To purchase the QI Macros

If you already own the QI Macros, you can purchase an upgrade. You must purchase one upgrade for each license you own.

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